Subscription models now extend into everything from the automotive to the supermarket industry and include everything from pet food to virtual spin classes. Alongside online advertising, subscriptions are a business model that has exploded in popularity, because monthly digital payments provide more long-term recurring revenue streams than one-off sales and generate long-term online customer relationships. 10 million people signed up for Disney+ within 24 hours of its November debut, and Salesforce.com is valued at around $140 billion, giving some illustration of the commercial success of the subscription model.
However, the model is now in danger of becoming a victim of its own success, with industries heading hard and fast towards a ‘peak subscription’ cliff edge. There is simply a finite limit to the number of services people and businesses are willing and able to subscribe to. Customer recruitment and retention is extremely difficult because subscriptions can be an expensive, long-term commitment; half of subscribers to e-commerce services cancel within six months. At the same time predatory practices such as those in smartphone apps make consumers increasingly wary about “subscription traps.” Finally, the subscription economy is excluding billions of people who cannot afford expensive long-term contributions. For the newspaper industry, this means not only shrinking the potential market but denying all but the relatively privileged access to the independent information that is vital for democracy to operate. It also means denying industries the ability to offer ‘low-hanging fruit’ of smaller, cheaper transactions for more limited services and thus denying them access to a far bigger customer base. Professor Aggelos Kiayias, Chief Scientist at IOHK, suggests how new technology could provide an alternative model.
There is evidence that ‘micro-transactions’, where people have the option of paying tiny sums, as little as a fraction of a penny, for individual services such as songs or articles, can cumulatively offer a rich revenue stream. Free-to-play mobile games generated $88 billion through other services such as ‘micro-transactions’ in one year alone. Mini-transactions also form a potential ‘gateway’ to a bigger subscription market by offering initial ‘taster’ services to a wider audience.
A key barrier to this has been that slow transaction speeds and high transaction fees make ‘micro-transactions’ unviable as a lucrative revenue model across all industries. Even the fastest, VISA, can only process some 24,000 transactions a second. The blockchain space has also hitherto offered little in the way of a solution because of the so-called ‘scalability problem’ which seems intrinsic in the protocol design of systems like Bitcoin. This makes transactions slower and fees higher, the more users are added to the network.
Free-to-play mobile games generated $88 billion through other services such as ‘micro-transactions’ in one year alone.
A New Model
A recently announced system based on a “proof-of-stake” blockchain discipline, dubbed Ouroboros Hydra, is set to challenge the subscription economy and enable a new payment model which has potential to revolutionise the financial services industry. The third-generation “layer-2” protocol will allow parallel processing of transactions to take place at the physical limits of the network without compromising security or relying on energy expensive “proof-of-work.” This could allow the blockchain to scale to process millions of minor to major transactions on cell phones, outpacing conventional payment systems used by current subscription services. Unlike conventional “layer-1” blockchains, its overall transaction processing throughput can get faster as the number of nodes in the network increases.
With revenue models based on digital advertising and subscriptions nearing a cliff-edge, such high-speed third-generation blockchains could allow new industries to emulate the mobile gaming industry’s ‘freemium’ model, allowing users to pay for extras to their basic service. Customers will be able to pay in cryptocurrency rather than fiat currency. A set of simulations conducted as part of the research announced, show the system demonstrates sufficient transaction speeds to minimise transaction fees, facilitating ‘micropayments’. This opens up the possibility of an alternative to the subscription economy.
Access for All
A genuinely decentralised and scalable blockchain protocol could create an economy based on millions of ‘micro-transactions’. On an individual level, online newspaper readers could pay per article rather than paying a set amount per month, or gamers could buy virtual items within a game for fractions of a penny. Companies can also engage in more fine-grained business-to-business exchanges. This new protocol can therefore open up online services for people who may otherwise be unable to afford them, opening up a bigger mass market to industries, or systems for which so far it was uneconomical to do so. ‘Micro-transactions’ provide a way to ‘on-board’ people as longer-term customers as well as providing an alternative revenue stream to subscription.
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Limitless Potential
Importantly, Ouroboros Hydra is not just a transaction processing system. It is capable of offering smart contracts as well which means it would be possible to encode and enforce various policies related to the ‘micro-transactions’ processed by the system. The result is a flexible design that can also accommodate any elements of the subscription model for those participants, users and businesses alike, who prefer it. Furthermore, taking advantage of suitably crafted smart contracts, novel business models can be developed hybridising between the two approaches and thus allowing innovative and highly tailored and personalised engagement between businesses and customers.
What Next?
This is only the start. Decentralised and scalable blockchain protocols could enable millions in the developing world to enjoy access to previously inaccessible financial services, such as remotely paying for vital services like utilities and healthcare. In this way, we can pave the way towards a more inclusive, truly decentralised, people-centric banking system, which can form the future backbone of financial services.
Your kids won’t stop talking about it, your friend hasn’t come out of his house all week because he’s addicted to it, some of the world’s biggest sports stars and youtubers are doing it. It’s not a drug, it’s a game; Fortnite, and with so many playing the game month to month, the creators are making quite a killing. Below Ken Wisnefski, CEO of digital marketing firm WebiMax, discusses the microtransaction element behind Fortnite’s big profits and the future of this clever new way of selling.
Like so many quarters fed into an arcade machine, an around-the-clock influx of outside cash has turned the video game industry into a revenue resource like no other. Whereas video games were once a one-time purchase rarely exceeding $50, we now have free-to-play offerings like “Fortnite” that can rake in millions. How is that possible? “Microtransactions” and “platform-based business models” allow gamers to customize their experience by spending real-world cash in exchange for in-game goodies. The fact that Fortnite developer Epic Games earned just shy of $300 million in April 2018 alone tells me a few things as a digital marketing expert, but chief among them is this: We’re not in Super Mario World anymore.
For the unacquainted, Fortnite is a co-op survival game that takes place in a “sandbox” universe and drew a record 3.4 million concurrent users in February 2018. On the revenue side of things, there are aspects of Fortnite that are free to download. There’s also a roughly $10 seasonal “Battle Pass” that’s optional, last for a few months and provides additional immersion. The microtransactions that I mentioned earlier – and the platform that makes this exchange possible – is a hotly-debated concept among gamers. In the case of Fortnite, many say Epic Games got it right and I agree.
“Rank your Battle Pass up before it expires, and you'll earn more than enough in-game cash to unlock the next Battle Pass,” a March 2018 GamesRadar.com article says. “That eliminates the dread of having to pay more and more cash to stay up-to-date in a living game, and it encourages you to keep playing for the whole season and into the next. So smart!”
The Emperor’s New Clothes
Microtransactions are, as the name suggests, a way for users to pay a nominal amount of real-world cash or in-game currency and receive small game-enhancing perks as a result. There are right and wrong ways to implement microtransactions into a game. The wrong way, as Electronic Arts (EA) learned in 2017, is to sell “loot boxes” to users that create an unfair playing field. This crisis came to a head upon the release of “Star Wars Battlefront II.”
“We’ve heard the concerns about potentially giving players unfair advantages. And we’ve heard that this is overshadowing an otherwise great game. This was never our intention. Sorry we didn’t get this right,” a statement from EA read following player backlash.
Only months later, “cosmetic-only” microtransactions were up and running again inside that galaxy far, far away. Back here on Earth, I think the majority of us can see the parallels between EA now selling “loot boxes” that don’t affect gameplay and what Fortnite has been doing since launch. In my experience in digital marketing, someone who wants to spend their own money on attainable goals should be able to do so. When you start toying with the framework, such as paid-for results at the top of a Google search page, then we need to throw in some disclaimers or other ways to give everyone equal footing.
The Conduit
Try and find Apple’s brick-and-mortar “App Store” in your neighborhood. We won’t wait around, because we all know it isn’t there. Slate reported in early 2018 that this non-physical outlet for iPhone programs earned $38.5 billion in 2017 and “is poised to double its 2015 revenues by some time in 2018.” What readers should understand is that there’s no longer a need to offer physical goods as the only way of making money. Today, we have people streaming their live feeds of Fortnite gameplay on the Twitch website and reportedly making $500,000 per month doing so. Amazon may be building local warehouses to help expedite shipping, but it started as an online-only book-ordering company and its CEO is now the richest man on Earth.
I find it helpful to think of ride-sharing services as a more tangible example of what digital platforms can offer: An actual good or service that’s obtained for a payment on a middle ground – or “platform,” if you will. I only have to look under my own roof, where kids are playing Fortnite, to see what microtransactions have evolved into and how in-game “V Bucks” can be spent on spiffy new avatar outfits.
